An increase in government deficit spending raises the demand for loanable funds, which tends to increase real interest rates.

Government deficit spending has no effect on the loanable funds market, as it is offset by private savings automatically.

Deficit spending indirectly lowers real interest rates by increasing financial market efficiency through transparent fiscal policies and increased investor confidence in long-term assets, despite raising the demand in the short run.

An increase in government deficit spending raises the supply of loanable funds, leading to a decrease in real interest rates.