APFIVE In a four-year longitudinal study on attitude change, a researcher tracked 150 college students’ views on climate change using annual surveys. The researcher observed that students who were initially skeptical but later joined an environmental club showed the most significant attitude shift toward accepting climate science. Which methodological limitation most significantly affects the interpretation of these results?
The four-year timeframe is too short to measure significant attitude shifts
The lack of random assignment prevents establishing causation between club participation and attitude change
The sample size is too small to draw meaningful conclusions about attitude change
The use of self-report surveys is not a valid measure of environmental attitudes
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