APFIVE A researcher studies attitude change by tracking 150 college students’ views on climate change over 4 years. Students complete annual surveys rating their agreement with climate science and reporting their environmental behaviors. The researcher notices that students who initially expressed skepticism about climate change but later engaged in environmental clubs showed the most significant attitude shifts toward accepting climate science. Which methodological limitation most affects the interpretation of these results?
The sample size is too small to draw meaningful conclusions about attitude change
The lack of random assignment prevents establishing causation between club participation and attitude change
The use of self-report surveys is not a valid measure of environmental attitudes
The four-year timeframe is too short to measure significant attitude shifts
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