APFIVE Dr. Murphy studied personality development in 200 college students. Half were randomly assigned to join campus clubs and attend social events (high environmental interaction), while half maintained their usual routines. After 6 months, participants completed surveys measuring self-efficacy and self-concept. The high interaction group showed significantly greater increases in both measures. What aspect of the research design limits the study’s conclusions about reciprocal determinism?
Random assignment was not appropriate for this type of study
The study duration was not long enough to observe personality changes
The sample size was too small to draw meaningful conclusions
The study only manipulated environmental factors without measuring behavioral and personal changes throughout the process
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