Critiques questioning the extent to which these case studies can be generalized beyond their specific contexts identify limitations in applicability of findings.

Arguing that the diverse nature of college readiness measures makes it difficult to establish causal relationships plans evaluation of causality but nods towards utility.

Pointing out that the variability in definitions and execution of extracurricular activities can blur comparisons focuses on precision of measurements rather than broader applicability.

Suggesting that the selection of cases might have been biased toward successful programs undermines internal validity but doesn’t address generalization.