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Quasi-Experimental Design and Causality
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What disadvantage does quasi-experimental design have relative other methodologies when considering causality?

A

True experiments require manipulation independent variable something quasi-experimental setups often cannot ethically practically implement thus limiting ability draw conclusions about cause effect dynamics.

B

Other methods like pure observations fail establish temporal precedence essential establishing causal relationships unlike quasi-experimentation provides limited control over environment.

C

Surveys interviews primarily gather self-reported data prone response biases do not permit direct observation interaction phenomenon question like quasi-experiments manage albeit imperfectly.

D

Quasi-experiments lack random assignment, thereby increasing possibility confounding variables influencing observed effect rather being result intervention itself.

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