APFIVE Validity Threats of Cluster Sampling
How might result validity be threatened when using cluster sampling methods?
A
Nonresponse bias due to low participation rates within some but not all clusters
B
Sampling bias due to differences between chosen clusters and their representation of the population
C
Self-selection bias wherein participants volunteer, skewing results toward certain characteristics
D
Time-lag bias influencing results by administering assessments at different times across samples
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