Validity Threats of Cluster Sampling
Which of the following represents a primary threat to the validity of results obtained through a cluster sampling method?
A
Sampling bias due to differences between chosen clusters and their representation of the population
B
Time-lag bias influencing results by administering assessments at different times across samples
C
Self-selection bias wherein participants volunteer, skewing results toward certain characteristics
D
Nonresponse bias due to low participation rates within some but not all clusters
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