Solely by collecting qualitative data through student focus groups to capture in-depth personal experiences without quantifying them.

By comparing qualitative interviews with students and teachers, quantitative analysis of grades, and cross-referencing findings from published literature.

By using only a pre-test/post-test design to measure changes in academic performance before and after changing school start times.

Through administering surveys at one point in time that ask for both numerical sleep hours and textual explanations of sleep’s impact on their studies.