Solely by collecting qualitative data through student focus groups to capture in-depth personal experiences without quantifying them.

By using only a pre-test/post-test design to measure changes in academic performance before and after changing school start times.

By comparing qualitative interviews with students and teachers, quantitative analysis of grades, and cross-referencing findings from published literature.

Through administering surveys at one point in time that ask for both numerical sleep hours and textual explanations of sleep’s impact on their studies.