Bias in Retrospective Observational Studies
In a retrospective observational study, researchers rely on subjects’ memories of past events. This practice is most likely to introduce which of the following types of bias?
A
Sampling bias, as the sample is selected non-randomly.
B
Observer bias, where researchers influence the outcomes based on expectations.
C
Undercoverage bias, due to exclusion of a segment of the population.
D
Recall bias, which is a form of response bias where subjects’ memories may be inaccurate.
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