APFIVE Bias in Retrospective Observational Studies
In a retrospective observational study, researchers often rely on past records and subjects’ memories. Which type of bias does this reliance most directly introduce?
A
Undercoverage bias, due to exclusion of a segment of the population.
B
Sampling bias, as the sample is selected non-randomly.
C
Observer bias, where researchers influence the outcomes based on expectations.
D
Recall bias, which is a form of response bias where subjects’ memories may be inaccurate.
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