APFIVE Confounding Variable in an Observational Study
A study found that countries with higher chocolate consumption have more Nobel Prize winners per capita. Which statement correctly identifies the fundamental issue with concluding that chocolate consumption causes Nobel Prize achievement?
A
The direction of causality is reversed but not confounded
B
Wealth of the country is likely confounded with both variables
C
The correlation is likely spurious but not confounded
D
Sample size of countries is too small for valid inference
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