For paired data, compute the differences for each paired observation and then use a one-sample t-test to construct a confidence interval for the mean difference.

When using paired data, a two-sample t-test is appropriate as the two sets of scores are independent of each other.

For paired observations, pooling the data from both tests and calculating a single variance provides a more accurate assessment.

For paired data, conduct two independent t-tests on the ‘before’ and ‘after’ scores separately to analyze improvement.