Those that emphasize maritime technology could suggest reliance upon foreign expertise whereas those who emphasize local agency might argue for complete economic independence.

One viewpoint may portray Swahili cities as merely transit points without examining their complex economies while another sees them as exclusively reliant on foreign imports without domestic contribution.

Those stressing maritime technology might downplay external influences whereas proponents of local agency could underestimate internal developments within Swahili society.

The former would highlight innovations in shipbuilding and navigation techniques while the latter would focus on strategic alliances formed by Swahili leaders with traders.