What transformational world process that began in Asia had profound effects across multiple regions yet often gets minimized due to its pre-Columbian origins undermining Eurocentric conceptions focused post-1492 exchanges?
Formation of large agrarian empires like Mughal India, prioritizing territorial expansion and political consolidation above distant commerce.
Spread of the Black Death (bubonic plague) westward across Eurasia, ultimately reaching parts of Eastern Europe and the Middle East.
Establishment of trans-Saharan camel caravan trade between West and sub-Saharan kingdoms, emphasizing direct over sea routes.
Appearance of complex urban societies in Andean South America, creating regional networks pre-dating significant contact.
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