When analyzing a two‐way table for two categorical variables, which is the correct sequence of steps to prepare the data for interpretation? Rank the following steps in the order they should be performed: 1) Determine the table total from all cell values. 2) Calculate the marginal frequencies for each row and column. 3) Compute the cell percentages. 4) Create a bar graph of the marginal distributions.

A researcher wants to compare the distribution of political affiliation across different age groups. Which graphical display would be most effective for simultaneously showing the counts within each political party and the relative proportions across age groups?

A researcher finds that the correlation between study time (x) in hours and test score (y) in points is r = 0.75. If sx = 2.5 hours and sy = 12 points, what is the slope of the least squares regression line?

Which property of the correlation coefficient formula r = (1/n)Σ[(xi-x̄)/sx][(yi-ȳ)/sy] ensures that r is always between -1 and 1?

A researcher examining a residual plot notices that residuals appear randomly scattered around the horizontal axis with no discernible pattern. What conclusion is most appropriate?

Which method helps identify influential points in regression?

A student creates a scatterplot with 25 points but realizes there are only 20 distinct points visible. What is the most likely explanation?

Which statistic is commonly used to measure the association between two categorical variables?

For a regression model, residuals are calculated as (y - ŷ). Which of the following statements about a residual plot with points randomly scattered around the horizontal axis is TRUE?

A researcher studying the relationship between the age of trees (in years) and their height (in meters) found a nonlinear pattern. The scatterplot showed a relationship where growth slowed as trees aged. Which transformation would most likely linearize this relationship?